Most of the running community – coaches such as myself, magazines, and runners – focus mostly on race specific training or recovery periods. But what happens in the times of year between racing and recovering? The base phase is what happens – and here’s why the base phase matters for runners.
The base phase occupies the training between recovery weeks and race specific training. If you are racing (not just running) a spring half marathon and a fall full marathon as your goal races, then the early winter and summer months will be your base phase.
What is Base Phase Training?
The base phase is a period of training focused on building your foundation of aerobic fitness. By building this foundation before you begin race specific training, you are able to move to the next level in mileage, pace, or intensity in race specific training and improve by a greater percentage in your next goal race.
Since the base of all distance running, whether you prefer the 5K or marathon, is aerobic endurance, the base phase emphasizes a high volume of easy aerobic running. Short interval or threshold workouts are included for strength and speed development during this period.
If you neglect strength training, the base phase is the ideal time to incorporate it. Since you don’t have to worry about being sore before your next long tempo run or mile repeats, you can spend 2-3 days per week strength training for 30-40 minutes.
The Base Phrase Reduces Injury and Plateaus
Hard workouts such as long tempo runs and VO2max interval workouts are effective because they place a large amount of stress on your body. Your body responds to that stress by strengthening certain physiological systems – better oxygen uptake and delivery, faster recovery, more velocity, improved running economy, etc.
Peak training periods place a large amount of stress on your body with two hard workouts per week plus a long run. Think of how fatigued you feel during the peak week of marathon or half marathon training. These periods are called peak training periods for a reason – you are attempting to create a high level of fitness to run a PR or beat the completion in your age group.
But you can’t sustain that high of a volume of hard training for much longer than the 10-16 weeks leading up to a race. Without a period of lighter training, steadily increasing your training will lead to a plateau after a few months – or worse, an overuse injury.
Base Training Phase Improves Fitness
Research, such as this study in Frontiers in Physiology, indicates that the most effective base building program involves a majority of easy running (approximately 84-95%) with short yet deliberate faster running such as short tempos, steady state runs, and fartleks. When the race specific begins, the threshold and interval training increases.
As Matt Fitzgerald argues in his book 80/20 Running, the balance of a majority of easy runs with a small percentage of hard running is the most effective and sustainable method for becoming a faster runner. You minimize training fatigue while maximizing your aerobic gains with this ratio of easy to hard running.
One of the goals of the base phase is to increase and then maintain slightly higher mileage – so 35-40 miles per week if you were previously at 25-30 miles per week, etc. Increasing both weekly mileage and intensity at the same time can lead to injury or overtraining, so it’s optimal to build mileage during the base phase instead of during the peak weeks of race training.
It sounds counter-intuitive to think that doing less hard workouts will make you faster over time, but the it’s true! The base phase lays the foundation for higher aerobic fitness, which in turns means you can train at a higher level for any given race distance after the base phase.
Base Phase Workouts
The notion of 85-95% of your mileage at an easy pace should guide your base phase training plan. For those who run 3-4 times per week, this means one hard workout per week. If you run 5-6 times per week, your volume is likely high enough that you can include one hard workout and one moderate run per week.
Because of the focus on mileage and general fitness, the base phase is not a time for gut-busting track workouts or exhausting marathon distance long runs. The workouts are short and often effort-based rather than pace based, such as surges, hill repeats, and short tempo or steady state runs.
Sample Workouts:
Surges: In the middle of an easy run, add 5-8 repeats of 30 second surges with a few minutes of easy running in between. The surges should be at a hard effort with a focus on a quick turnover of the feet, but not so hard that your breathing is labored once you return to easy pace.
Short Tempo: After a 1-2 mile warm up, run 2-3 miles at a comfortably hard effort (between 10K and half marathon pace). Cool down with 1-2 miles of easy running.
Short Hill Repeats: Warm up with 1-2 miles of easy running. Find a moderately steep hill and run up it hard for 30 seconds, then jog back down slowly to recover. Repeat this 6-8 times and then cool down with 1-2 miles of easy running
If you are going to gravitate towards one extreme or another, err towards the side of caution and stick to only easy to moderate miles. You don’t want to overtrain when you’re not even training for a race.
Linking up with Coaches’ Corner and Wild Workout Wednesday!
How do you structure your base phase training?
What’s your workout today?
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Base building is so important- and I agree that its better to do less than to risk doing too much. I like doing fartlek runs as my one hard workout during base building. Short hill repeats are a great idea too!
Short hills repeats are great because there’s less risk of injury and they build a lot of strength!
Good info! I think so many people skip over the base building period. My workout today was an easy 6 miles. It was supposed to be hill repeats but my friend bailed on me. That will happen tomorrow!
So many people do – but it’s so valuable!
Base building is your training’s foundations–how can you expect to build the best house ever if you don’t lay good foundations?
Exactly!
Great information. I always struggle with deciding how much to run in a base phase. And truthfully sometimes lack the necessary motivation.
Thank you! Motivation is hard during the base phase when there’s no race in sight.
so informative. I think I’ve been base training for a while lol. when was my last race? I don’t even remember. but soon it’s time to train for races again! one thing I need to do this time around is cut back even more on pure barre. it can get to be too much during half marathon training!
Your last race was around Fourth of July! Is it weird that I remember that? Strength training is definitely something to do more frequently during base building than race training.
great info! thanks for sharing… i’m working on building my base back up, it is tough!
Thank you! I hope your running and base building goes well!
Funny you should ask, today is actually my rest day! 🙂
Great write-up, as usual! Another one of those times when I swear you are writing something just for me, lol. This is my first time ever really doing a base-building period, and I’m actually really enjoying it. It’s taken me a while to get used to the fact that I’m not seeing the rapid fitness gains I’m so used to in training, but it’s nice to be able to focus on maintenance and get in shape without being beholden to the rigid structure of training. My base training is involving a lot of cross training, because I’ve become interested in it and I want to get in better overall shape and avoid getting bored with running. I’m doing aerobics, some strength, and spin classes and I’m really enjoying it. Unfortunately that means my weekly mileage totals aren’t progressing super fast, but I know that once training amps up I won’t be able to fit in all this cross training so I’m making it a point to do it now.
Thank you! Cross training is great during base building because it builds up the aerobic base without the impact of running and with less risk of burnout. There will be a time soon enough when the mileage total are progressing fast!
Great and informative article! Very thorough and useful information! I was just reading an article from RunnersConnect on the difference between aerobic and anaerobic training! I try to build a solid base prior to adding in race specific workouts.
Thank you! Aerobic training is essential and so helpful before adding in the anaerobic work. Then with that base it’s amazing what type of gains can be made in racing!
I’m always in a base phase! Very rarely am I completely entered into a training cycle; I’ll often jump into a training plan 6 weeks into it and just hope for the best. Ha ha!
I’ve read some articles that say that if a base is strong enough and the workouts are varied enough (and you are getting in the long runs of the marathon long enough in advance), you only need to really throw in a race specific workouts during last 4-8 weeks. It’s tricky with the marathon but definitely can work with shorter distances!
Today was an easy run. Yesterday had strides, tomorrow will be tempo — I hate tempos, but I know they’re important!
Although with my race 6 weeks away, base training is over!
I hope your training continues to go well over the next few weeks!
Know what I love about this post? Everything. I’ll be referencing it when I’m communicating with people that argue about base training. Thanks! 😉
Thank you so much! 🙂
This so timely for me! I’m coming off of my “off season” and building my base back….a couple of late spring half marathons and a full in June, so I’ve been running 3-4 times a week and slowly increasing the distance of my weekend runs and Monday runs. Thanks for the great info!
Thank you! Good luck with your training for your races!
Yaaaaas to everything you said. This is how I train and it really makes a difference.
Thank you! It really does make a difference!
Great info! Thanks for the informative article! Is there a time frame for how long yoiu should base build? Or is base building considered to be used during the time frame outside of training for a race; however long that is?
Thank you! The time frame really varies based on the individual and their goals – and can vary from time to time for that individual alone! For a beginner, six months can be a good duration for base, but again, everyone is different – and some runners may find they need more or less time.
Training for 5K in October and building base now. If I’m planning on 10 mile long runs, is it okay to be running 10 mile long runs already in August and progress the training with speed work days or should my long run not reach it’s maximum until later in training cycle?